Modern Infection Control: From Evidence to Implementation – A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Background
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose a major global challenge, affecting millions annually with higher rates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared to high-income settings, driven by antimicrobial resistance (AMR), device use, and pandemics like COVID-19.​

Methods
This comprehensive review synthesizes evidence from epidemiological data, historical analyses, intervention trials, and implementation science frameworks (e.g., RE-AIM, EPIS, COM-B), covering hand hygiene, device bundles, stewardship, and innovations like AI and UV disinfection.​

Results
Core practices such as multimodal hand hygiene and bundles reduced CLABSIs by over 50% and VAP by 55%; technological advances like AI surveillance and robotic disinfection achieved 20-50% HAI drops; multimodal strategies outperformed single interventions amid persistent barriers like staffing shortages.​

Conclusions
Integrated, evidence-based IPC demands multimodal implementation, leadership, and innovations to bridge gaps in AMR, equity, and LMICs; future One Health approaches with stewardship and resilient infrastructure promise scalable HAI reductions.​